Introduction
Decompression sickness (DCS), also known as caisson sickness, is a serious condition that occurs when a diver ascends to the surface too quickly from great depths. This rapid change in pressure causes nitrogen bubbles to form in the blood and tissues, which can cause a variety of symptoms and complications, the diving club “Diving Club” informs Dr. K. Krastiņš.
How does decompression sickness occur?
When a diver descends to a depth, the pressure increases, and the air he breathes (which contains nitrogen) dissolves in his blood and tissues. The longer a diver remains at depth and the deeper he descends, the more nitrogen dissolves in his body. If a diver ascends too quickly, the pressure decreases too quickly, and the dissolved nitrogen cannot escape through the lungs. Instead, it forms bubbles that can block blood flow and damage tissues.
Symptoms and effects on divers
Symptoms of DCS can vary, depending on the location and size of the bubbles. They may include:
- Pain in joints and muscles
- Skin itching and rashes
- Dizziness and headaches
- Paralysis or weakness
- Loss of consciousness
- Difficulty breathing
In severe cases, DCS can cause long-term damage or even death.
Hyperbaric therapy and divers
Hyperbaric therapy is the main method of treating DCS. During it, the patient is placed in a special chamber, where the pressure is increased to 2-3 atmospheres. Under such conditions, the nitrogen bubbles decrease, and the body can more easily eliminate them. In addition, the high oxygen pressure promotes the delivery of oxygen to the affected tissues, promoting their recovery.
Preventing decompression sickness is safe diving
Rules to follow to avoid decompression sickness. DCS can have serious consequences, so it is important to follow safety measures to prevent it.
Before diving:
- Planning a dive: Before diving, develop a detailed dive plan, taking into account maximum depth, dive time and ascent rate. Use a dive computer or tables to calculate a safe dive profile.
- Physical fitness: Make sure you are in good physical condition and have had enough rest before diving. Avoid alcohol and smoking before and after diving.
- Equipment inspection: Before diving, carefully check your diving equipment to make sure it is in working order.
- Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids before and after diving to stay well hydrated. Dehydration can increase the risk of DCS.
During diving:
- Follow the dive plan: Strictly follow the developed dive plan and do not exceed the maximum depth or dive time.
- Take-off speed: Ascend slowly and steadily, following the recommended ascent rate (usually 9 meters per minute).
- Safety stops: Make safety stops at a depth of 3-5 meters for at least 3 minutes.
- Depth indicators: Pay attention to the depth indicators and time indicators on the dive computer or tables.
After diving:
- Surface intervals: Observe sufficient surface intervals between dives to give your body time to eliminate nitrogen.
- Flying: After diving, wait a sufficient amount of time before flying in an airplane to avoid pressure changes that can cause DCS.
- Monitoring symptoms: After diving, monitor yourself for signs of DCS. If any symptoms appear, seek medical attention immediately.
Other important factors:
- Diving education: Take a certified diving course to learn proper diving techniques and safety procedures.
- Factors that increase the risk: Factors that can increase the risk of DCS include obesity, heart disease, lung disease, and patent foramen ovale (PFO).
- Dive computer: A dive computer can help you track depth, time, and other important dive parameters.
By following these rules, you can significantly reduce the risk of DCS and enjoy a safe and enjoyable diving experience.
Benefits and risks for divers using a treatment course
Benefits:
- Effective treatment for DCS
- Faster recovery
- Lower risk of complications
Risks:
- Ear and sinus injuries
- Lung damage
- Vision changes
- Claustrophobia
- Oxygen toxicity (rare)
Conclusion
Decompression sickness is a serious problem that can affect any diver. However, with proper safety precautions and the use of hyperbaric therapy when necessary, most divers can make a full recovery.
